I Miss Not Seeing You

I Miss Not Seeing You I Miss Not Seeing You I Miss Not Seeing You By Guest Author This is a visitor post by Julie Link. In the event that you need to compose for Daily Writing Tips check the rules here. â€Å"I love France,† my companion moaned, and I gestured my understanding. â€Å"I miss not being there,† she included. Huh? My sympathizing over lost croissants offered approach to puzzlement over this odd articulation. You love it, yet you lament not being missing from it? A snappy examination of the web yielded more occurrences of the incorrect saying. A feature on .OhGizmo.com mourns, â€Å"Goodbye, F-117A. We’ll Miss Not Seeing You.† A question posted on WikiAnswers.com asks â€Å"How do you say I miss not seeing you in french† [sic]? Dictionary.com characterizes the action word â€Å"to miss† as â€Å"to lament the nonappearance or loss of: I miss all of you dreadfully.† The definition clarifies that what my companion missed was being in France instead of not being in France. How did â€Å"I miss being there† transform into â€Å"I miss not being there†? I’ve never observed the articulation abused when the object of the action word is someone or something. Does anybody say â€Å"I miss not my mom?† (Well, maybe, yet that’s a subject for one more day.) No, we as a whole comprehend that that when we miss a person or thing, we lament its nonappearance or misfortune. We miss the glow of summer, Gran’s crusty fruit-filled treat, or a dear companion. The issue happens just when what is missed is an activity: â€Å"I miss seeing you,† â€Å"The youngsters miss playing at the beach,† or â€Å"Nana misses shaking her grandbabies.† Perhaps the blunder gets from attempting to underscore the lament. Doesn’t not shaking the infants sound more troubled than shaking them? Yet, to add the word â€Å"not† is to make a twofold negative. Parsing my friend’s comment, for instance, would recommend that what she laments is being in France; that was not what she planned to pass on. The meaning of â€Å"miss† as of now indicates a negative-the nonattendance or loss of something-so the expansion of the word â€Å"not† refutes the misfortune and makes, in the event that not a number juggling positive, at that point at any rate a linguistic disarray. Why this straightforward articulation, so effortlessly got a handle on that youngsters use it serenely, turns out to be so tricky when a couple of words are added is hard to clarify. A comprehension of language is useful; charting the sentence (Does anybody do that these days?) would show that whether what is being missed is an individual, a thing, or an activity, the structure of the expression doesn't change. As opposed to exposit the linguistic details of ing words and direct items, I think I’ll meditate over a croissant. The main issue is that I miss not including calories. About the Author: Julie Link is an accomplished editorial manager and eager lexiphile who adores perusing and expounding on language and sentence structure. She might be reached at julieolink@yahoo.com. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Misused Words classification, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:7 Examples of Passive Voice (And How To Fix Them)15 Types of DocumentsHow to Send Tactful Emails from a Technical Support Desk

A Study On Sexism In Mexico

A Study On Sexism In Mexico The Machismo, how is it brought in Mexico and latinamercia is an allowance of faith based expectations guaranteeing that genuine or asserted contrasts among ladies and men building up the predominance of one sex over the other. Otherwise called separation or depreciation dependent on a people sex, as in confined openings for work; particularly, such segregation coordinated against ladies Mexican culture when all is said in done has been arranged in the past as a male-ruled society in which ladies didn't have indistinguishable rights from men to be sorted by their sex. In the time of 1953 was the first run through in Mexico that ladies could practice their vote in the decisions, just a couple of years back in our nation, ladies didn't work and just dealt with the housework, was battered and wounded, as a rule the authority overlook the maltreatment of power by the male. 57 years back ladies decided in favor of the first run through in quite a while and in this short spam of time we have seen emotional changes in the considering society, in spite of the fact that there are still such a significant number of individuals that have a similar belief system that years prior. As indicated by the First National Survey on Discrimination state that one out of five Mexicans accept that it is normal to disallow a larger number of things to ladies than to men, one out of three accept that it is ordinary that men gain more than ladies, and right around one out of ten Mexicans concur that ladies are assaulted on the grounds that they incite men. Moreover, one of every five ladies accepts that ladies themselves are liable for oppression them As should be obvious in these Survey, regardless of whether the belief system or mindset has changed throughout the decades we can see that there are as yet a gigantic level of the populace that despite everything segregate ladies It appears that in 2012, sexual orientation balance in the public eye is as of now a relic of past times. Albeit macho culture is as yet commanding society as should be obvious in the review, it is difficult to accept these outcomes, when it is said that in Mexico is gaining ground on issues of segregation and sexual orientation imbalance. When taking a gander at the aftereffects of this survey. I think Machismo/Sexism in Mexico would be extremely hard to expel on the off chance that we dont change the perspective straightforwardly from our homes to treat similarly young men and young ladies, so we finish the custom that has been instilled from age to age and has been the primary explanation that made Mexico a Sexism Society. It is extremely frustrating to discover these outcomes and realize that numerous men feel that ladies are mediocre and merit distinctive treatment. since as can be seen the man is still observed as the work figure, while the lady is still observed as the one that need to mind and bring up kids and do all the housework. The point of this work is to locate a superior method to live along among people which lies in regard as well as in equity, in spite of the fact that the general public has advanced there are despite everything hints of oppression ladies. This paper will discharge how Sexism against ladies influences the general public, contacting the subject of sexual orientation jobs just as the results of this. The Sexism/Machismo generally has been related with subjection of family jobs and favor and government assistance to men, in this manner it is considered to allocate less tiring work for men, since they are the providers of the house. A piece of Sexism is the utilization of some kind of methodical viciousness against ladies so as to keep up an enthusiastic or mental control on them, further it rebuffed any ladylike conduct (a few models as: Men dont cry, men can't communicate their sentiments, and so on) in a men and from these mindset is the base of Homophobia, the most exceedingly terrible discipline a misogynist could get is to have a gay recognizable, in light of the fact that it exhibit that their blood and family name is powerless and from these thought the victimization gay people is immense. Sexism has been a component of social control and misogynist abuse in numerous societies. A few factors that have added to its endurance and congruity - Discriminatory laws against ladies. - Treatment contrast on account of infidelity: - In certain societies infidelity and pregnancy before marriage is rebuffed with death. - Permission from male for monetary exercises - Denial of option to cast a ballot or other common - Sexist training in school and home Strict segregation in various religions everywhere throughout the world as case of some are in Muslim nations prevailed as the old Taliban system of Afghanistan, in specific parts of Christianity as Mormonism, in the standard Jews, Hinduism, and so forth. Chauvinist division of work, whereby men incline toward other men in dynamic employments position (initially the misogynist division depended on the distinction in physical limit and solid), wherein men had near preferred position. Anyway in current innovative social orders power is unessential, being progressively significant scholarly capacities and social abilities. It likewise alludes to an installment of lower wages to ladies than men in return of a similar work. Presently at days seldom we heard accounts of men who don't permit their spouses or little girls to study or work. Practically 40% of ladies of working age are in business, the quantity of understudies tried out schools and colleges is partitioned similarly between the genders, Women are progressively mindful of their privileges and request equivalent treatment in the working environment and in legislative issues. Under these conditions, Machismo has transformed. Today depends more on control and mental pressure or segregation in physical limitations. It might be said, machismo has gone underground. Profoundly covered in our every day propensities, is practically undetectable in the informed or high classes, imperceptible yet consistently present. It is conceivable that in numerous zones ladies are consider as equivalent to men. In Mexico, ladies don't claim their time. At the point when they go out, go through cash, see their companions, they are as yet expected to tell with detail their timetable of their every day exercises to their Parents, siblings, sweethearts and spouses, however men don't acknowledge to be inquired. At home, men can say Do not trouble me, Im sitting in front of the TV, yet ladies don't, on the grounds that they should be accessible night and day for her significant other and youngsters. These twofold guidelines are currently a mainstay of machismo. Studies show that men are happy to go to the store or kids take over for some time, yet decline to press, sew, cut vegetables or clean the stove or restroom, on the grounds that these assignments are viewed as unmanly. The men help, yet inside unbendingly characterized parameters. This division of work in all everyday issues implies that the two people are still shockingly bumbling for the undertakings appointed to the other gender. We can see taught and fruitful men who dont realize how to make some espresso and expert ladies who have no clue about how to change a breaker. So machismo makes individuals with just 50% of the End to end of Sexism/Machismo. Offer the work that has customarily been considered womens work. Challenge the idea to the two people that young men are ordinarily forceful and rough. Stand firm that it is just hard molding that makes anybody act along these lines. Stand firm that young men are much the same as young ladies, and young ladies as young men Urge men to feel and express the entirety of our sentiments. Mens biggest molding originates from being compelled to act like we have no emotions (like Big young men dont cry, Youre acting like a young lady ). This molding is the thing that in the end makes men take on the entirety of the cruel jobs we are required to play in the public eye. Backing womens initiative. Model non-misogynist conduct all over the place. Tell and show people that taking out sexism is an essential concentration in your life. The nearness of sexism in the public arena is pernicious to everybody, not simply ladies. Its disposal will improve each individuals life. Instruct the new ages with the possibility that young men and young ladies are equivalent with similar rights and obligations, and are capable or able to do anything.

WWJD What Would Joshua Do

WWJD What Would Joshua Do Recently, a friend of mine stood in her local grocer’s checkout line, fumbling with her wallet’s zipper, preparing to make an impulse purchase. But then, suspended in the queue, she was given time to question the item she was about to buy. She pondered the item carefully and asked herself a question: What would Joshua do? If I were there in her shoes, would I make this purchase? No, she thought, and promptly returned the item to the shelf. When she told me about her experience, she joked she should buy one of those WWJD? braceletsâ€"the ones so popular in the 90sâ€"to help her avoid compulsory consumption. I laughed, but then I realized I, too, could benefit from making more frequent use of this questionâ€"and so could others. I don’t expect, or even want, anyone to walk around asking themselves, What would Joshua do? Please don’t. At least not aloud. Rather, it’s a question I should ask myself: What would the best version of me do in this situation? Likewise, what would the best version of you do? What would Chris do? What would Katie do? What would your best self do? Would the best version of me put off writing until tomorrow? Would the best version of you sleep an extra hour and skip the gym? Would the best version of me eat the frosted donut? Would the best version of you lie to your boss? Would the best version of me procrastinate, buy things I don’t need, or ignore a friend in need? Perhaps this question, when employed habitually, can help us change our priorities. It’s certainly a question worth asking. Read this essay and 150 others in our new book, Essential.

Health Literacy And Its Effect On Health - 1501 Words

Literacy is the ability someone has to read and write. Most of us are taught this skill when we are young. Those of us who learn this during childhood seem to forget this is a privilege not everybody has. The people who do not has this advantage are affected in more ways than we think. Especially when it comes to their health, this understanding is known as health literacy. â€Å"Health literacy is the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions† (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000). One of the major populations affected by their decline in health literacy is the elderly. Some of the factors influencing health literacy include age, reading skills and health beliefs. Inadequate health literacy is associated with increasing health disparities and poor use of health care services which lead to poor health outcomes, unsuccessful self-care and among elderly persons, poor overall health status and high mortality rates. In addition to basic literacy skills, health literacy includes being knowledgeable on health topics. Individuals with inadequate health literacy frequently lack awareness or are misinformed on the human body along with the nature and etiology of disease. Without knowing this they may not comprehend the correlation between lifestyle factors for example, diet and exercise and countless health outcomes. Health literacy is a broad name forShow MoreRelatedHealth Literacy And Its Effects On Hispanic Population With Diabetes1715 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Literacy and its effects on Hispanic Population with Diabetes Background Health Literacy In 2003 The United States Department of Education completed the National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) and for the first and only time, so far, it also included items to measure the Health literacy level of adults in the U.S. This assessment intended to measure the capacity of adult individuals to sucessfully comprehend the healthcare system, basic understanding of medical conditions and all knowledgeRead MoreHealth Literacy And Its Effect On Patient Safety Essay1871 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Health literacy is the ability to read, comprehend, and utilize healthcare information in order to make health related decisions based on the individual s interpretation of this information (Eadie, 2014). This includes the individual s ability to perform Internet searches, reading health prevention pamphlets, measuring medication doses, and understanding and complying with verbal or written health care instructions (Eadie, 2014, p. 10). These barriers significantly affect patientRead MoreThe Effects Of Health Literacy And Socioeconomic Status On Older Adult s Ability1462 Words   |  6 PagesHealth care systems these days are very efficient. Everyone accesses the health care system if there is any health related problem. But the extent to which people in society can access health facilities available to them can vary depending on various factors such as health literacy and socioeconomic status. ‘Health literacy represents the cognitive and social skills that determine a perso n’s motivation and ability to gain access to, understand, and use information in ways that promote and maintainRead MoreThe Influence Of Patient Health Literacy On Positive Health Outcomes1274 Words   |  6 PagesInfluence of Patient Health Literacy on Positive Health Outcomes Introduction With an increase in the number of new prescriptions hitting the market and the growing number of patients taking prescription medications, patient health literacy becomes a rising problem. Approximately ninety percent of Americans currently take prescription or over-the-counter medications; however, patients that have an inadequate health literacy level are more likely misinterpret or suffer adverse drug effects due to a lackRead MoreLack Of Low Health Literacy1098 Words   |  5 Pages 1. Statement of the Problem Inadequate health literacy has been known to be associated with poorer health outcomes and disparity of using certain health care services including increased rate of hospitalization and emergency care.1, 2 Recognizing patients with low health literacy is important in order to reduce the adverse effects of health literacy has on health outcomes.2 Several instruments have been developed to assess level of health literacy both based on word recognition and reading comprehensionRead MoreHealth Literacy Is Defined As The â€Å"The Capacity To Obtain,1229 Words   |  5 PagesHealth literacy is defined as the â€Å"the capacity to obtain, communicate, process, and understand basic health information and services to make appropriate health decisions† (Koh et al., 2012, p. 1). When a patient has poor health literacy, they are more likely to have a poor outcome in regards to their health. There are bills and initiatives that address the need for patients to increase their health lit eracy as well as the healthcare providers’ responsibilities to provide the information in a wayRead MoreHealth Literacy Impact On National Healthcare Utilization1746 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Literacy Impact on National Healthcare Utilization Background: Health literacy presents a huge challenge in the delivery of effective healthcare and quality outcomes. We evaluated association between low health literacy and healthcare utilization. Methods: Database analysis utilized Medical Expenditure Panel Survey(MEPS) from 2005-2008 which provides national representative estimates of healthcare utilization and expeniture. Health literacy scores were calculated based on a validated predictiveRead MoreCommunication of Proper Health Essay1005 Words   |  5 PagesThis is because in the medical field there is certain health literacy, meaning, unless our a health care professional, who’s undergone years of studying this literacy, its going to be rather hard to comprehend why you found yourself talking to a doctor in the first place. This health literacy helps doctors and professionals in the medical field communicate with each other efficiently and accurately. As a pre-med major, figuring out this literacy is what will change me from an undergrad to a professionalRead MoreCommunication Is Most Vital For The Health Status Of Public855 Words   |  4 PagesCommunication is most crucial in promoting and protecting the he alth status of people. Also, it has a crucial role in providing culturally competent care to the people of various ethnic and racial minorities. Without communication it is not only impossible to assess, diagnose, provide health services and education to the consumers but also difficult to utilize the evidence- based research into practice, which has negative effects on the health status of public. Speaker note: diversity of population hasRead MoreHealth Literacy And Effective Communication1229 Words   |  5 Pagesgroups than non-indigenous population, low level of health literacy has been considered as negative factor that impacting on the delivery of effective care and health professionals’ performances on medical treatment. With integrated health literacy program, culturally competent and appropriate communication at individual, systemic and organisational level would enhance health outcomes for consumer’s welfare. Most importantly, improved health literacy and effective communication skills would plays an

Essay Malcom X/Nation of Islam - 1489 Words

The Nation of Islam was founded during the Great Depression in Detroit, Michigan by a silk merchant named Wallace D. Fard. He began preaching to the black community that they didn’t deserve to live in poverty, and that the white people exploited the people so much that Fard believed that this community needed their own state. Fard accumulated more than 8,000 followers who believed that Fard was actually god, in the form of man. Elijah Poole, later known as Elijah Muhammad, took over the Nation of Islam after Fard’s disappearance in 1934. One Nation of Islam follower widely known for his work was Malcolm X. Malcolm X was born on May 19, 1925 under the name Malcolm Little, the fourth child of Rev. Earl and Louise Little. Malcolm’s father†¦show more content†¦(Frost 2001) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In 1952, Malcolm Little was released form prison and changed his name to Malcolm X. on the belief of Elijah Muhammad that black people should give up their ‘slave names’. A year later, that Black Muslims named Malcolm X that assistant minister at a Nation of Islam temple in Detroit, where he worked his way up the totem pole. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;By 1954 Malcolm X was sent to preach in Harlem, New York City, the nation’s largest black community. There he preached, and soon the poor black people flocked him to hear what he had to say. They figured he was a man who knew the knowledge of their mean streets firsthand. They listened because Malcolm X was angry, just as the people of Harlem were. Malcolms personal commitment helped build the organization nation-wide, while making him an international figure. He was interviewed on major television programs and by magazines, and spoke across the country at various universities and other forums. (Frost 2001) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;With Black Muslim ideas as a foundation, Malcolm X would preach with great fury of the condition of blacks in America, and how the white people were held responsible. He would speak for hours on end of what he thought of the empty promises of integration and Christianity, and that the blacks need to get enraged, feel pride in theirShow MoreRelatedThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X1701 Words   |  7 Pagesautobiography of Malcolm X. Malcolm X was one of the most controversial Men in American history. I’m familar with the name Malcolm X however, I’m not familliar with the works and background of Malcolm X. This is why I choose to read the autobiography of Malcolm X written by himself and Alex Haley. Which gives the read an insight on his background, beliefs, and the American society then. I believe that many people including myself have misunderstood Malcolm X. I believe that Malcolm X is misunderstood dueRead MoreMalcolm X : An Extraordinary Figure For African Americans1647 Words   |  7 Pages Malcolm X is an extraordinary figure for African Americans. He is one of the most historic and significant human beings in American history. Malcolm Little was born on May 19, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska. His mother, Louise Little, was 28 years young and his father Earl Little was an outspoken Baptist minister and supporter of Marcus Garvey s â€Å"Back to Africa Movement†. Malcom had 3 half siblings from his father’s previous marriage and later 6 additional kids. His push for Civil Right made him a targetRead MoreMalcom X : An African American Minister And An Activist Of Human Rights Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesMalcom X also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, was an African-American minister and an activist of human rights. He was born in May, 19, 1925 in North Omaha, Nebraska, US and was assassinated (multiple gunshots) in February, 21, 1965. He was born in a family of eight, his father Earl Little was a Baptist minister and a supporter of Marcus Gaverys, and a local leader of Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) induced self-reliance and black pride in his children. His mother Louise NortonRead MoreComparison of Martin Luther King, Jr and Malcom X1700 Words   |  7 PagesThey were black men who had a dream, but never lived to see it fulfilled. One was a man who spoke out to all humanity, but the world was not yet ready for his peaceful words. I have a dream, a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed... that all men are created equal. (Martin Luther King) The other, a man who spoke of a violent revolution, which would bring about radical change for the black race. Anything you can think of that you want to change rightRead MoreThe Ballot Or The Bullet By Malcolm X1222 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1964 Malcolm X delivered a speech titled ‘The Ballot or the Bullet† aimed to reach the poor black people of America. Born May 19, 1925 one of nine children, to a Baptist preacher whose was hit by a street car, and whose death was said to have possibly been a murder by white people, Malcom X was raised by his mother until she was institutionalized. After being put in foster care, and having issues in school, Malcom dropped out of school and became a troubled teen. A drug dealer, street hustlerRead MoreI Have A Dream By Martin Luther King876 Words   |  4 Pagesbathroom together, sit together, and live together. Everything will be peaceful for every citizen of America. While Malcom X was in the Nation of Islam he gave out a speech and answered questions, especially about President John Kennedy’s death. Malcom X was a muslim and he had strong views about religion. Throughout his speech he provides many religious views and ideologies. Malcom X described how punishment will come to White America. In the past, many empires have fell because of their oppressiveRead MoreMalcolm X And The Black Panthers1352 Words   |  6 PagesMalcolm X and the Black Panthers both the profoundly affected the goals of the civil right movement. Malcolm X was born on May 19th, 1925 in Omaha Nebraska. Earl Little, (Malcolm’s father) was an outspoken Baptist minister and an avid supporter of the Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. Malcom graduated at the top of his class however when a teacher told him that his dream of becoming a lawyer was â€Å"no realistic goal for a nigger† (Genius, 2016), these words greatly impacted him and caused himRead M oreBible Versus the Toran12356 Words   |  50 PagesPAGE 19 V. THE QURAN PAGE 20 - 23 VI. THE BIBLE COMPARED TO QURAN PAGE 24-28 VII. FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM COMPARED TO THE TEN PAGE 29-34 COMMANDMENTS VIII. COMPARING THE LIFE OF TWO AFRO-AMERICANS (1) MALCOM X - ISLAMIC MUSLIM/QURAN PAGE 35-43 8 (2) MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. - CHRISTIAN/BIBLE PAGE 44-48 9 (3) BOTH MENSRead MoreThe Greatest Scandal Of The Boxing World886 Words   |  4 Pageschampionship in 1964, Cassius Clay changed his named to Cassius X and publically announced that he was a member of the Nation of Islam. However, only 10 days later, Elijah Muhammad saw a chance to promote the religion further and bestowed him the name, Muhammad Ali. This was very controversial, may many reasons. One, members of the Nation of Islam were not to be given to Arabic names until the return of their founder, Master Wallace Ford. Even Malcom X, and influential man and promoter of equality for blackRead MoreBlack Lives Matter : A Movement Toward Systematic Equality2441 Words   |  10 Pagessystematically, African Americans are still experiencing injustice by the government and racism is still alive, it’s just underground. After a bounty of the unjustified murder of unarmed African American men, the Black Lives Matter Movement was created. A Malcom X quote that resonate s in the hearts of those affected, â€Å"a man who stands for nothing will fall for anything† because up until this movement was created, all the African American population could do is stand idly by and witness the numerous incidences

Enterococcus Free Essays

Enterococcus By Richard Guilford Enterococcus Enterococcus, or more appropriately enterococci, are a family of bacteria in the division firmicutes (meaning strong skin and referring to the cell wall) and the class bacilli (which refers to its rod like shape). They look just like streptococcus bacteria from physical characteristics alone. In fact, members of the genus Enterococcus were classified as Group D Streptococcus until 1984 when genomic DNA analysis showed that a separate genus classification would be appropriate. We will write a custom essay sample on Enterococcus or any similar topic only for you Order Now Enterococci are part of the normal intestinal flora (good bacteria) of humans and animals but are also important pathogens responsible for serious infections. They are considered gram-positive, meaning they stain dark blue or violet. They also mostly occur in pairs or short chains. Enterococci are facultative anaerobic organisms, meaning they can thrive in both oxygen rich and oxygen poor environments. They do not form spores as many bacteria do, meaning they do not have a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and survival for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions. Nevertheless, they are tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions: such as extreme temperature (10-45 °C), pH (4. 5-10. 0) and high sodium chloride concentration. In bodies of water, the acceptable level of contamination is very low, for example in the state of Hawaii, with among the strictest tolerances in the United States, the limit for water off its beaches is 7 colony-forming units per 100 ml of water. Anything above that, the state may post warnings to stay out of the ocean. In 2004, Enterococcus spp. took the place of fecal coliform as the new federal standard for water quality at public beaches. It is believed to provide a higher correlation than fecal coliform with many of the human pathogens often found in city sewage (eww right? ). There are many strains of enterococcus. Important clinical infections caused by Enterococcus include urinary tract infections, bacteremia, bacterial endocarditis, diverticulitis, and meningitis. Sensitive strains of these bacteria can be treated with ampicillin and vancomycin, two well known and often used antibiotics. An important feature of enterococcus is the high level of intrinsic antibiotic resistance, meaning its inherent ability to ithstand some of the more common antibiotics. Some enterococci are intrinsically resistant to beta-lactam-based antibiotics (those include some penicillins and virtually all cephalosporins) as well as many aminoglycosides (an amino-sugar that can sometimes function as an antibiotic). In the last two decades, particularly virulent strains of enterococcus that are resistant to vancomycin (vancomycin-resistant E nterococcus, or VRE) have emerged in nosocomial (infections caught in hospitals while care is being given) infections of hospitalized patients especially in the US. Other developed countries such as the UK have been spared this epidemic, and, in 2005, Singapore managed to halt an epidemic of VRE. VRE may be treated with quinupristin/dalfopristin (a special antibiotic developed to fight VRE) or Synercid with response rates of approximately 70%. Enterococcus avium is a species that is most commonly found in birds. Rarely, it is also a cause of infection in humans, and in such cases, may be vancomycin-reistant. It is referred to as VREA. VREA cases in humans have been successfully treated with linezolid (a synthetic antibiotic). Enterococcus durans and enterococcus faecalis are very similar. They are often mistaken for one another in determining infections. They inhabit the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other mammals. It is among the main parts of some probiotic food supplements. Like other species in the genus enterococcus, E. faecalis can cause life-threatening infections in humans, especially in the nosocomial environment. The naturally high levels of antibiotic resistance found in E. faecalis contribute to its ability to infect. E. faecalis has been frequently found in root canal-treated teeth in prevalence values ranging from 30% to 90% of the cases. Root canal-treated teeth are about nine times more likely to have E. faecalis than cases of primary infections. Enterococcus faecium is an alpha hemolitic or nonhemolitic, bacterium. It is used as a probiotic in animals. It can be commensal (a harmlessly coexisting organism) in the human intestine, but it may also be pathogenic, causing diseases such as neonatal meningitis. Enterococcal meningitis is also a rare complication of neurosurgery. It often requires treatment with IV or intrathecal (something introduced into or occurring in the space under the arachnoid membrane of the brain or spinal cord) vancomycin, yet it is uncertain whether its use has any impact on outcome. The removal of any neurological devices is an important part of the management of these infections. Enterococcus solitarius and Enterococcus gallinarum are two more species of enterococcus. The genus Enterococcus includes more than 17 species, but only a few cause clinical infections in humans. Infection control programs were created three decades ago to control antibiotic-resistant nosocomial infections, but there has been little evidence of control in most facilities. After long, steady increases of MRSA and VRE infections in hospitals, the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) Board of Directors made reducing antibiotic-resistant infections a strategic SHEA goal in January 2000. After 2 more years without improvement, a SHEA task force was appointed to draft an evidence-based guideline on preventing nosocomial transmission of pathogens, focusing on the two considered most out of control: MRSA and VRE. Medline searches were conducted spanning 1966 to 2002. Many interpretations of unpublished studies providing sufficient data were included. Frequent antibiotics in healthcare settings provided a small advantage for resistant strands, but patients with MRSA or VRE usually acquire it through spread. The CDC has long-recommended contact precautions for patients colonized or infected with these pathogens. Most facilities have required this as policy, but have not actively identified infected patients with surveillance cultures (lab tests performed to determine possible abnormalities or infection) and tests, leaving most infected patients undetected and not isolated. Many studies have shown control of endemic (exclusively native to a place) and/or epidemic (everywhere) MRSA and VRE infections using surveillance cultures and contact precautions. Active surveillance cultures are essential to identify the infected to prevent spread of MRSA and VRE infections and make control possible using the CDC’s long-recommended contact precautions. Testing for enterococci can be tricky. Enterococci have been recognized to be of fecal origin since the beginning of this century. The usual ecological home for the Enterococcus species is the intestines of humans and other animals. However, enterococci are ubiquitous (present everywhere) and can be found free-living in soil, on plants, or in dairy products. Enterococcus comprises gram-positive cocci that are catalase (a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms that are exposed to oxygen, where it functions to catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen) negative, usually facultative anaerobic acteria. There is clear evidence of the genotypic (concerning the genetic makeup) identity of Enterococcus, based on molecular studies. Enterococci have also been related to human diseases, becoming established as major nosocomial pathogens. The isolation of strains resistant to many antibiotics has become important in public health concerns. In addition, Enter ococcus and Streptococcus have been proposed as indicators of fecal contamination in water because of their high abundance in feces and their long survival in the environment. Although the ratio of fecal coliforms to fecal streptococci has been ruled out as an indicator, the identi? cation of species associated with a given environment or host might provide additional information about the origin and the source of fecal contamination. The ability of enterococci to grow under particular conditions is widely used in their selective identification. This characteristic allows the detection and enumeration of enterococci with a selective medium (template used to grow bacteria) M-enterococcus agar or KF streptococcus agar, and by using bile-esculin-azide agar (another medium) as a further test for con? mation. Although this approach can distinguish Enterococci from other bacterial species, some may be identi? ed wrongly. The use of these media can hurt either selectivity (choices of bacteria found) or productivity (ability for bacteria to grow). Even though this approach was to identify enterococci species, it is unsuitable for the detection of certain enterococ ci species because they do not grow on these media. In addition, other bacterial species such as Streptococcus are able to grow on the media, presenting results similar to those of Enterococci. Enterococci are diverse and enigmatic. There are many strains and many complications that can arise from them. They are both harmless and deadly, useful and destructive. They can be used to aid digestion, or feared in a hospital setting. They are indeed a medical paradox. With continued study, we hope to learn from and understand these bacteria if not to aid us in our expansion of knowledge, then to rid us of a potentially critical threat in our hospital settings. Gilmore MS, (2002). The Enterococci: Pathogenesis, Molecular Biology, and Antibiotic Resistance. Fisher K, Phillips C (June 2009). â€Å"The ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus†. Jin G, Jeng HW, Bradford H, Englande AJ (2004). â€Å"Comparison of E. coli, enterococci, and fecal coliform as indicators for brackish water quality assessment†. Carlene A. Muto, MD, MS; John A. Jernigan, MD, MS; Belinda E. Ostrowsky, MD, MPH; Herve M. Richet, MD; William R. Jarvis, MD; John M. Boyce, MD; Barry M. Farr, MD, MSc (May 2003). â€Å"SHEA Guideline for Preventing Nosocomial Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus† How to cite Enterococcus, Papers

Enterococcus Free Essays

Enterococcus By Richard Guilford Enterococcus Enterococcus, or more appropriately enterococci, are a family of bacteria in the division firmicutes (meaning strong skin and referring to the cell wall) and the class bacilli (which refers to its rod like shape). They look just like streptococcus bacteria from physical characteristics alone. In fact, members of the genus Enterococcus were classified as Group D Streptococcus until 1984 when genomic DNA analysis showed that a separate genus classification would be appropriate. We will write a custom essay sample on Enterococcus or any similar topic only for you Order Now Enterococci are part of the normal intestinal flora (good bacteria) of humans and animals but are also important pathogens responsible for serious infections. They are considered gram-positive, meaning they stain dark blue or violet. They also mostly occur in pairs or short chains. Enterococci are facultative anaerobic organisms, meaning they can thrive in both oxygen rich and oxygen poor environments. They do not form spores as many bacteria do, meaning they do not have a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and survival for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions. Nevertheless, they are tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions: such as extreme temperature (10-45 °C), pH (4. 5-10. 0) and high sodium chloride concentration. In bodies of water, the acceptable level of contamination is very low, for example in the state of Hawaii, with among the strictest tolerances in the United States, the limit for water off its beaches is 7 colony-forming units per 100 ml of water. Anything above that, the state may post warnings to stay out of the ocean. In 2004, Enterococcus spp. took the place of fecal coliform as the new federal standard for water quality at public beaches. It is believed to provide a higher correlation than fecal coliform with many of the human pathogens often found in city sewage (eww right? ). There are many strains of enterococcus. Important clinical infections caused by Enterococcus include urinary tract infections, bacteremia, bacterial endocarditis, diverticulitis, and meningitis. Sensitive strains of these bacteria can be treated with ampicillin and vancomycin, two well known and often used antibiotics. An important feature of enterococcus is the high level of intrinsic antibiotic resistance, meaning its inherent ability to ithstand some of the more common antibiotics. Some enterococci are intrinsically resistant to beta-lactam-based antibiotics (those include some penicillins and virtually all cephalosporins) as well as many aminoglycosides (an amino-sugar that can sometimes function as an antibiotic). In the last two decades, particularly virulent strains of enterococcus that are resistant to vancomycin (vancomycin-resistant E nterococcus, or VRE) have emerged in nosocomial (infections caught in hospitals while care is being given) infections of hospitalized patients especially in the US. Other developed countries such as the UK have been spared this epidemic, and, in 2005, Singapore managed to halt an epidemic of VRE. VRE may be treated with quinupristin/dalfopristin (a special antibiotic developed to fight VRE) or Synercid with response rates of approximately 70%. Enterococcus avium is a species that is most commonly found in birds. Rarely, it is also a cause of infection in humans, and in such cases, may be vancomycin-reistant. It is referred to as VREA. VREA cases in humans have been successfully treated with linezolid (a synthetic antibiotic). Enterococcus durans and enterococcus faecalis are very similar. They are often mistaken for one another in determining infections. They inhabit the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other mammals. It is among the main parts of some probiotic food supplements. Like other species in the genus enterococcus, E. faecalis can cause life-threatening infections in humans, especially in the nosocomial environment. The naturally high levels of antibiotic resistance found in E. faecalis contribute to its ability to infect. E. faecalis has been frequently found in root canal-treated teeth in prevalence values ranging from 30% to 90% of the cases. Root canal-treated teeth are about nine times more likely to have E. faecalis than cases of primary infections. Enterococcus faecium is an alpha hemolitic or nonhemolitic, bacterium. It is used as a probiotic in animals. It can be commensal (a harmlessly coexisting organism) in the human intestine, but it may also be pathogenic, causing diseases such as neonatal meningitis. Enterococcal meningitis is also a rare complication of neurosurgery. It often requires treatment with IV or intrathecal (something introduced into or occurring in the space under the arachnoid membrane of the brain or spinal cord) vancomycin, yet it is uncertain whether its use has any impact on outcome. The removal of any neurological devices is an important part of the management of these infections. Enterococcus solitarius and Enterococcus gallinarum are two more species of enterococcus. The genus Enterococcus includes more than 17 species, but only a few cause clinical infections in humans. Infection control programs were created three decades ago to control antibiotic-resistant nosocomial infections, but there has been little evidence of control in most facilities. After long, steady increases of MRSA and VRE infections in hospitals, the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) Board of Directors made reducing antibiotic-resistant infections a strategic SHEA goal in January 2000. After 2 more years without improvement, a SHEA task force was appointed to draft an evidence-based guideline on preventing nosocomial transmission of pathogens, focusing on the two considered most out of control: MRSA and VRE. Medline searches were conducted spanning 1966 to 2002. Many interpretations of unpublished studies providing sufficient data were included. Frequent antibiotics in healthcare settings provided a small advantage for resistant strands, but patients with MRSA or VRE usually acquire it through spread. The CDC has long-recommended contact precautions for patients colonized or infected with these pathogens. Most facilities have required this as policy, but have not actively identified infected patients with surveillance cultures (lab tests performed to determine possible abnormalities or infection) and tests, leaving most infected patients undetected and not isolated. Many studies have shown control of endemic (exclusively native to a place) and/or epidemic (everywhere) MRSA and VRE infections using surveillance cultures and contact precautions. Active surveillance cultures are essential to identify the infected to prevent spread of MRSA and VRE infections and make control possible using the CDC’s long-recommended contact precautions. Testing for enterococci can be tricky. Enterococci have been recognized to be of fecal origin since the beginning of this century. The usual ecological home for the Enterococcus species is the intestines of humans and other animals. However, enterococci are ubiquitous (present everywhere) and can be found free-living in soil, on plants, or in dairy products. Enterococcus comprises gram-positive cocci that are catalase (a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms that are exposed to oxygen, where it functions to catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen) negative, usually facultative anaerobic acteria. There is clear evidence of the genotypic (concerning the genetic makeup) identity of Enterococcus, based on molecular studies. Enterococci have also been related to human diseases, becoming established as major nosocomial pathogens. The isolation of strains resistant to many antibiotics has become important in public health concerns. In addition, Enter ococcus and Streptococcus have been proposed as indicators of fecal contamination in water because of their high abundance in feces and their long survival in the environment. Although the ratio of fecal coliforms to fecal streptococci has been ruled out as an indicator, the identi? cation of species associated with a given environment or host might provide additional information about the origin and the source of fecal contamination. The ability of enterococci to grow under particular conditions is widely used in their selective identification. This characteristic allows the detection and enumeration of enterococci with a selective medium (template used to grow bacteria) M-enterococcus agar or KF streptococcus agar, and by using bile-esculin-azide agar (another medium) as a further test for con? mation. Although this approach can distinguish Enterococci from other bacterial species, some may be identi? ed wrongly. The use of these media can hurt either selectivity (choices of bacteria found) or productivity (ability for bacteria to grow). Even though this approach was to identify enterococci species, it is unsuitable for the detection of certain enterococ ci species because they do not grow on these media. In addition, other bacterial species such as Streptococcus are able to grow on the media, presenting results similar to those of Enterococci. Enterococci are diverse and enigmatic. There are many strains and many complications that can arise from them. They are both harmless and deadly, useful and destructive. They can be used to aid digestion, or feared in a hospital setting. They are indeed a medical paradox. With continued study, we hope to learn from and understand these bacteria if not to aid us in our expansion of knowledge, then to rid us of a potentially critical threat in our hospital settings. Gilmore MS, (2002). The Enterococci: Pathogenesis, Molecular Biology, and Antibiotic Resistance. Fisher K, Phillips C (June 2009). â€Å"The ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus†. Jin G, Jeng HW, Bradford H, Englande AJ (2004). â€Å"Comparison of E. coli, enterococci, and fecal coliform as indicators for brackish water quality assessment†. Carlene A. Muto, MD, MS; John A. Jernigan, MD, MS; Belinda E. Ostrowsky, MD, MPH; Herve M. Richet, MD; William R. Jarvis, MD; John M. Boyce, MD; Barry M. Farr, MD, MSc (May 2003). â€Å"SHEA Guideline for Preventing Nosocomial Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus† How to cite Enterococcus, Papers